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Cyborg Mind - What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
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114 • Cyborg Mind of facilitating healthy development and wellbeing; respecting moral agency; informed consent to medical procedures and research; minimization of risk; public education and deliberation; equity and access across all demographic groups; and the reduction of disadvantage, suffering, and stigma associated with neurological disorders.57 Using neuronal interfaces to change the cognitive aspects of a person is only just beginning to be considered by neuroscientists, and the following chapter can, therefore, only be seen as an introduction to this complex area. But the important areas of intelligence and free will necessitate further examina- tion, as these have important implications on many other areas of cogni- tion. Moreover, it should be remembered that knowledge, understanding and intelligence are not synonymous. Changing Intelligence The term ‘intelligence’ originates from the Latin verb intelligere ‘to choose between’ or ‘to discern’. But no single definition of intelligence exists and it has been described in many different ways. However, it does include concepts of logic, abstract thought, understanding, self-awareness, communication, learning, emotional knowledge, retaining, planning, and problem-solving. In this context, many of the tests measuring general intelligence include the following ten characteristics:58 1. Fluid intelligence: includes the general ability to reason, form concepts and solve problems using new information or procedures. 2. Crystallised intelligence: includes a person’s acquired knowledge, the ability to communicate this knowledge and the ability to reason using already learned experiences or procedures. 3. Quantitative reasoning: the ability to understand numerical concepts and relationships and to manipulate numerical symbols. 4. Reading and writing ability: includes basic reading and writing skills. 5. Short-term memory: includes the ability to understand and keep infor- mation in the present time so that it can be used in the immediate future. 6. Long-term memory: includes the ability to store information and retrieve it quickly in the longer term. 7. Visual processing: reflects the ability to perceive, analyse, synthesise and reason using visual patterns, including the ability to store and recall visual images. 8. Auditory processing: includes the ability to analyse, synthesise and dis- tinguish sounds, such as the ability to process and distinguish speech sounds that may be presented under distorted conditions. This open access edition has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale.
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Cyborg Mind What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Title
Cyborg Mind
Subtitle
What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Author
Calum MacKellar
Publisher
Berghahn Books
Date
2019
Language
English
License
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
ISBN
978-1-78920-015-7
Size
15.2 x 22.9 cm
Pages
264
Keywords
Singularity, Transhumanism, Body modification, Bioethics
Category
Technik

Table of contents

  1. Chapter 1. Why Use the Term ‘Cyberneuroethics’? 9
    1. The ‘Cyber’ Prefix 9
    2. The ‘Neuro’ Prefix 15
    3. Ethics 16
    4. Neuroethics 17
    5. Cyberneuroethics 18
    6. The Terminology Being Used 19
  2. Chapter 2. Popular Understanding of Neuronal Interfaces 25
    1. Public Understanding in the Media 27
  3. Chapter 3. Presentation of the Brain–Mind Interface 31
    1. The Central Nervous System 31
    2. The Mind 37
    3. The Brain–Mind Interface 38
  4. Chapter 4. Neuronal Interface Systems 43
    1. Developments in Information Technology 44
    2. Developments in Understanding the Brain 45
    3. Developments in Neuronal Interfaces 46
    4. Procedures Involved in Neuronal Interfaces 47
    5. Output Neuronal Interface Systems: Reading the Brain and Mind 49
    6. Input Neuronal Interface Systems: Changing the Brain and Mind 57
    7. Feedback Systems of the Brain and Mind 67
    8. Ethical Issues Relating to the Technology of Neuronal Interfaces 84
  5. Chapter 5. Cyberneuroethics 99
    1. General Ethical Considerations Relating to Neuronal Interfaces 101
    2. Online Humans 106
    3. Changing Cognition 113
    4. Changing Consciousness 131
    5. Escaping Reality 135
    6. Changing Mood 140
    7. Changing Personality 142
    8. Changing Identity 144
    9. The Concept of Humanity 154
    10. Uploading a Mind 167
    11. Issues of Privacy 184
  6. Chapter 6. Neuronal Interfaces and Policy 217
    1. New Cybercrimes 218
    2. Policy Concerns 223
    3. Conclusion 229
    4. Human Autonomy 232
    5. Resistance to Such a Development 234
    6. Risks of Neuronal Interfaces 234
    7. Appendix. Scottish Council on Human Bioethics Recommendations on
    8. Cyberneuroethics 239
    9. Glossary 244
    10. Index 251
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