Seite - 114 - in Cyborg Mind - What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics

114 • Cyborg Mind of facilitating healthy development and wellbeing; respecting moral agency; informed consent to medical procedures and research; minimization of risk; public education and deliberation; equity and access across all demographic groups; and the reduction of disadvantage, suffering, and stigma associated with neurological disorders.57 Using neuronal interfaces to change the cognitive aspects of a person is only just beginning to be considered by neuroscientists, and the following chapter can, therefore, only be seen as an introduction to this complex area. But the important areas of intelligence and free will necessitate further examina- tion, as these have important implications on many other areas of cogni- tion. Moreover, it should be remembered that knowledge, understanding and intelligence are not synonymous. Changing Intelligence The term ‘intelligence’ originates from the Latin verb intelligere ‘to choose between’ or ‘to discern’. But no single definition of intelligence exists and it has been described in many different ways. However, it does include concepts of logic, abstract thought, understanding, self-awareness, communication, learning, emotional knowledge, retaining, planning, and problem-solving. In this context, many of the tests measuring general intelligence include the following ten characteristics:58 1. Fluid intelligence: includes the general ability to reason, form concepts and solve problems using new information or procedures. 2. Crystallised intelligence: includes a person’s acquired knowledge, the ability to communicate this knowledge and the ability to reason using already learned experiences or procedures. 3. Quantitative reasoning: the ability to understand numerical concepts and relationships and to manipulate numerical symbols. 4. Reading and writing ability: includes basic reading and writing skills. 5. Short-term memory: includes the ability to understand and keep infor- mation in the present time so that it can be used in the immediate future. 6. Long-term memory: includes the ability to store information and retrieve it quickly in the longer term. 7. Visual processing: reflects the ability to perceive, analyse, synthesise and reason using visual patterns, including the ability to store and recall visual images. 8. Auditory processing: includes the ability to analyse, synthesise and dis- tinguish sounds, such as the ability to process and distinguish speech sounds that may be presented under distorted conditions. This open access edition has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale.