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Cyborg Mind - What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
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154 • Cyborg Mind The Concept of Humanity Though it has always been very difficult to define what is so special about humanity in the context of anthropology, with new developments in technol- ogy this is becoming even more difficult. Elaine Graham observes that: ‘New technologies have complicated the question of what it means to be human in a number of ways.’226 This includes the reality that the clear boundaries of the Homo sapiens species are increasingly coming under pressure, with ever more uncertainty developing about the exact limits of humanity. Graham explains this hesitation about what it means to be human as ‘a dissolution of the “ontological hygiene” by which for the past three hundred years Western cul- ture has drawn the fault-line that separate humans, nature and machines’.227 However, as already noted, discussions have always taken place during the long history of anthropology and philosophy about what it means to be a human person. Even in Greek mythology, for example, a number of chimeric human-nonhuman interspecies monsters were considered, such as the Minotaur, who/which had the body of a man and the head of a bull. These were generally seen as being special, but also disturbing and sometimes needing to be destroyed. In fact, the Minotaur was eventually killed by the Athenian hero Theseus. In other words, real threats of species disorder have often been seen as resulting from the very existence of individuals who bridge the boundar- ies of humanity. The sixteenth-century French surgeon Ambroise Paré (ca. 1510–90) actually considered such beings as monsters and as a clear indica- tion of moral disorder.228 Even after the Enlightenment, and modernity’s rationalistic discussion of humanity, monsters were still being considered as moral frontier-markers. Graham explains that genuine humanity may be delimited by considering the monstrous ‘boundary-creatures’ who/which may also ‘feature as indicators of the limits of the normatively human’.229 At the same time, she explains: ‘The limits of morality, represented by the monster, indicated in an inverted form the qualities of reason and benevolence by which the quintessentially human could be recognised.’230 This means that if the very concept of humanity is ever being questioned, some reassurance could be obtained by recognising that genuine humanity is, at least, not monstrous. But as a result of such arguments, there is a risk that those who do not consider themselves as monsters may find value and reassurance in their humanity at the expense of those who do not neatly fit into certain categories. Graham argues that it is then all too easy for those whose physical attributes are different from the norm to be considered as deviants.231 This open access edition has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale.
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Cyborg Mind What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Titel
Cyborg Mind
Untertitel
What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Autor
Calum MacKellar
Verlag
Berghahn Books
Datum
2019
Sprache
englisch
Lizenz
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
ISBN
978-1-78920-015-7
Abmessungen
15.2 x 22.9 cm
Seiten
264
Schlagwörter
Singularity, Transhumanism, Body modification, Bioethics
Kategorie
Technik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  1. Chapter 1. Why Use the Term ‘Cyberneuroethics’? 9
    1. The ‘Cyber’ Prefix 9
    2. The ‘Neuro’ Prefix 15
    3. Ethics 16
    4. Neuroethics 17
    5. Cyberneuroethics 18
    6. The Terminology Being Used 19
  2. Chapter 2. Popular Understanding of Neuronal Interfaces 25
    1. Public Understanding in the Media 27
  3. Chapter 3. Presentation of the Brain–Mind Interface 31
    1. The Central Nervous System 31
    2. The Mind 37
    3. The Brain–Mind Interface 38
  4. Chapter 4. Neuronal Interface Systems 43
    1. Developments in Information Technology 44
    2. Developments in Understanding the Brain 45
    3. Developments in Neuronal Interfaces 46
    4. Procedures Involved in Neuronal Interfaces 47
    5. Output Neuronal Interface Systems: Reading the Brain and Mind 49
    6. Input Neuronal Interface Systems: Changing the Brain and Mind 57
    7. Feedback Systems of the Brain and Mind 67
    8. Ethical Issues Relating to the Technology of Neuronal Interfaces 84
  5. Chapter 5. Cyberneuroethics 99
    1. General Ethical Considerations Relating to Neuronal Interfaces 101
    2. Online Humans 106
    3. Changing Cognition 113
    4. Changing Consciousness 131
    5. Escaping Reality 135
    6. Changing Mood 140
    7. Changing Personality 142
    8. Changing Identity 144
    9. The Concept of Humanity 154
    10. Uploading a Mind 167
    11. Issues of Privacy 184
  6. Chapter 6. Neuronal Interfaces and Policy 217
    1. New Cybercrimes 218
    2. Policy Concerns 223
    3. Conclusion 229
    4. Human Autonomy 232
    5. Resistance to Such a Development 234
    6. Risks of Neuronal Interfaces 234
    7. Appendix. Scottish Council on Human Bioethics Recommendations on
    8. Cyberneuroethics 239
    9. Glossary 244
    10. Index 251
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