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The Master’s
New Servants 645
the period thereafter. Certain main features remained, however. It had already emerged
during the course of the South Tyrol offensive that Karl tended to express his human-
ism and his respect for human life by threatening the harshest punishments, should the
soldiers be sacrificed recklessly. This was certainly a deeply ethical stance, but one that
was sometimes the wrong one because it led to hesitation and waiting. For the soldiers,
however, the important thing at first was that ‘their’ Emperor did not put their lives
thoughtlessly at risk. Karl was popular.1462
His influence on certain elements of the conduct of war, obligated to humanitarian
standards, continued where Emperor Karl made the dropping of aerial bombs over the
home front of the enemy dependent on his personal approval, and likewise the deploy-
ment of poison gas and of incendiary ammunition for combating enemy aircraft.1463
The Germans had no trouble in ensuring, however, that this decree was valid only for
the Italian front but not for the joint front in the East. In the south-west, however, the
comparison was immediately made with Italy, which by no means intended to impose
such restraint on itself. This order was quickly assumed to reflect Karl’s pacifist im-
pulses
– which was not the case
– but above all the influence of his wife Zita, a princess
of the House of Bourbon-Parma by birth. A further problem for Emperor Karl was
that in his efforts to force through his views, he attempted to avoid real or supposed
obstacles by interposing in political affairs more strongly than was perhaps wise. This
occasionally happened imprudently and prematurely.
It could be repeatedly observed that the heir to the throne evidently had no sympa-
thy for the Germans. The Adjutant General of Archduke Friedrich, Count Herberstein,
gave thought to this as early as November 1914 and noted at the time : ‘We were
very vexed about the rather childish, senseless and out of place remarks on the part
of Archduke Karl, who […] insulted the “Prussians”, and especially Hindenburg, in a
very coarse fashion.’1464 When he was then confronted with utterances and expressions
that he was perhaps no longer even aware of, it could happen that he looked for an
excuse.1465 Viktor Adler later argued that Karl never really had a chance, although he
took the correct path and had his heart in the right place.1466 His dilemma was that he
was supposed to fight against the war and in favour of peace, lead the Monarchy – if
possible, already consolidated by an imperial reform – safely out of this war and shake
off German dominance. He failed in all three tasks.
The Master’s New Servants
At his first audience with the Emperor, Prime Minister Koerber tendered his resig-
nation. He was requested to continue the work of his ministry. Koerber soon had to
recognise that it was not enough to merely continue his work. More vigorous interven-
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
- Title
- THE FIRST WORLD WAR
- Subtitle
- and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
- Author
- Manfried Rauchensteiner
- Publisher
- Böhlau Verlag
- Location
- Wien
- Date
- 2014
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-205-79588-9
- Size
- 17.0 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 1192
- Categories
- Geschichte Vor 1918
Table of contents
- 1 On the Eve 11
- 2 Two Million Men for the War 49
- 3 Bloody Sundays 81
- 4 Unleashing the War 117
- 5 ‘Thank God, this is the Great War!’ 157
- 6 Adjusting to a Longer War 197
- 7 The End of the Euphoria 239
- 8 The First Winter of the War 283
- 9 Under Surveillance 317
- 10 ‘The King of Italy has declared war on Me’ 355
- 11 The Third Front 383
- 12 Factory War and Domestic Front, 1915 413
- 13 Summer Battle and ‘Autumn Swine’ 441
- 14 War Aims and Central Europe 469
- 15 South Tyrol : The End of an Illusion (I) 497
- 16 Lutsk :The End of an Illusion (II) 521
- 17 How is a War Financed ? 555
- 18 The Nameless 583
- 19 The Death of the Old Emperor 607
- 20 Emperor Karl 641
- 21 The Writing on the Wall 657
- 22 The Consequences of the Russian February Revolution 691
- 23 Summer 1917 713
- 24 Kerensky Offensive and Peace Efforts 743
- 25 The Pyrrhic Victory : The Breakthrough Battle of Flitsch-Tolmein 769
- 26 Camps 803
- 27 Peace Feelers in the Shadow of Brest-Litovsk 845
- 28 The Inner Front 869
- 29 The June Battle in Veneto 895
- 30 An Empire Resigns 927
- 31 The Twilight Empire 955
- 32 The War becomes History 983
- Epilogue 1011
- Afterword 1013
- Acknowledgements and Dedication 1019
- Notes 1023
- Selected Printed Sources and Literature 1115
- Index of People and Places 1155