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The Russian October Revolution
Between 6 and 8 November 1917, or 24 and 26 October according to the Russian
calendar, the Bolsheviks under Lenin’s leadership seized power in Russia, and on the
evening of 8 November, the Second All-Russian Congress of Workers’ and Soldiers’
Deputies agreed to the proposals for peace by the new revolutionary government. Thus,
an event occurred that the German Empire had been working towards for some time
through targeted measures to support the revolutionisation of Russia, and which the
Central Powers had been waiting for.
In the east, hardly any more fighting had occurred since September 1917. In October,
the events of March and April 1917 had been repeated. The Russians drastically re-
duced their own military activities. For the most part, they behaved very calmly, sought
to begin negotiations and pleaded for an end to hostilities. Only in some sections
were attempts made by individual Russian officers or divisions, known as ‘battalions of
death’, to continue the war. Time and again – and this too was similar to the situation
in March/April 1917 – individual batteries attacked and subjected Austro-Hungarian
and German positions to harassment fire. In order to avoid being surprised by an offen-
sive by the Central Powers, the Russian higher commands arranged for movements at
the front to be monitored by aeroplanes ; this also frequently led to air battles. However,
essentially, the Central Powers remained passive. Only the Germans had exploited the
situation in order to occupy further territories, and had taken control of the Baltic Sea
islands of Osel, Muhu and Hiiumaa.
There was one single section of the eastern and south-eastern front where the
image of a front at war had remained unchanged, and this was the southern wing
in Romania. The revolution had not spilled over to the Romanians and, for a time,
the threat made by the new French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, that he
would abandon any support for Romania during future peace negotiations if Roma-
nia failed to fight through until the end, appeared to be having an effect. Clemenceau
announced via the chief of the French military mission in Romania, General Henri
Berthelot, that if the Moldavia region were to be lost, then fighting would simply
have to continue in Bessarabia and even further east. However, the Romanian request
to compensate for the loss of the Russians by sending Czech legionaries and Serbian
troops was not met.2015 At the end of the day, it would have made no difference an-
yway.
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
- Title
- THE FIRST WORLD WAR
- Subtitle
- and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
- Author
- Manfried Rauchensteiner
- Publisher
- Böhlau Verlag
- Location
- Wien
- Date
- 2014
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-205-79588-9
- Size
- 17.0 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 1192
- Categories
- Geschichte Vor 1918
Table of contents
- 1 On the Eve 11
- 2 Two Million Men for the War 49
- 3 Bloody Sundays 81
- 4 Unleashing the War 117
- 5 ‘Thank God, this is the Great War!’ 157
- 6 Adjusting to a Longer War 197
- 7 The End of the Euphoria 239
- 8 The First Winter of the War 283
- 9 Under Surveillance 317
- 10 ‘The King of Italy has declared war on Me’ 355
- 11 The Third Front 383
- 12 Factory War and Domestic Front, 1915 413
- 13 Summer Battle and ‘Autumn Swine’ 441
- 14 War Aims and Central Europe 469
- 15 South Tyrol : The End of an Illusion (I) 497
- 16 Lutsk :The End of an Illusion (II) 521
- 17 How is a War Financed ? 555
- 18 The Nameless 583
- 19 The Death of the Old Emperor 607
- 20 Emperor Karl 641
- 21 The Writing on the Wall 657
- 22 The Consequences of the Russian February Revolution 691
- 23 Summer 1917 713
- 24 Kerensky Offensive and Peace Efforts 743
- 25 The Pyrrhic Victory : The Breakthrough Battle of Flitsch-Tolmein 769
- 26 Camps 803
- 27 Peace Feelers in the Shadow of Brest-Litovsk 845
- 28 The Inner Front 869
- 29 The June Battle in Veneto 895
- 30 An Empire Resigns 927
- 31 The Twilight Empire 955
- 32 The War becomes History 983
- Epilogue 1011
- Afterword 1013
- Acknowledgements and Dedication 1019
- Notes 1023
- Selected Printed Sources and Literature 1115
- Index of People and Places 1155