Page - 1029 - in THE FIRST WORLD WAR - and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918

Two Million Men for the War 1029 106 Josef Wysocki, Die österreichische Finanzpolitik, in : Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918, Vol. I : Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, 92. 107 On this see also Günther Kronenbitter, Austria-Hungary, in the collection of essays edited by Richard F. Hamilton and Holger H. Herwig entitled War Planning 1914 (Cambridge, 2010), 24–47, here 41. See also Butschek, Österreichische Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 173. The figures on the budget allocations to the Austro-Hungarian military as a proportion of the entire state budget could not be more different. Butschek relies on the statistical data in  Max-Stephan Schulze, Austria-Hungary’s Economy in World War I, in : The Economics of World War I, edited by Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison (Cam- bridge, 2005), 77–111. Butschek and Schulze take the gross domestic product as their starting point. All others take the annual budgets or the annual financial statements based on the Austria of today ; Schulze takes the Austrian and the Hungarian parts of the empire separately. Walter Wagner, Die K.(u.) K. Armee  – Gliederung und Aufgabenstellung, in : Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918, edited by the Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Adam Wandruszka and Peter Urbanitsch, Vol. V : Die bewaffnete Macht (Vienna, 1987), 590 et seq., who refers to a manuscript from Rainer von Kesslitz, Die Lasten der militärischen Rüstungen Österreich-Ungarns in neuester Zeit (1868–1912) (Kriegsarchiv, Allgemeine Reihe, No. 54), and thus cites very different figures. Wagner and Kesslitz cite for 1912 the military expenditure as a proportion of the total budget at 27.561 per cent.  Revenues are not calculated. Wysocki, Die österreichische Finanzpolitik, 92, on the other hand, calculates the military expenditure for 1912 at 15.7 per cent and observes a gradual sinking of this figure, as the military expenditure from 1870 to 1914 had sunk continually from 24.1 per cent. Finally, Anatol Schmied-Kowarzik, Protokolle des gemeinsamen Ministerrats, Vol. VI (1908–1914), 59, determined the military proportion of the state budget in 1912 to be 14.9 per cent. The differences result, among other things, from the inclu- sion on some occasions of the navy and its exclusion on others, the failure to factor in the figures for Bosnia-Herzegovina, or the non-inclusion of the costs for the rampart buildings in the extraordinary states budget. Agreement has only been reached in one point, namely that the military expenditure of Austria-Hungary was low  – too low  – in comparison with the other states discussed here. 108 Norman Stone, Army and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1900–1914, in : Past and Present 33 (1966), 95. 109 Ibid. 110 Ibid., 99. More comprehensive : István Deák, Der k. (u.) k. Offizier 1848–1918 (Vienna/Cologne/Weimar, 1991), esp. 215–224. The printed statistical material can be found in the Militär-Statistisches Jahrbuch for the year 1911 (Vienna, 1912), esp. 143–152. The figures provided by Deák diverge consciously from those of the Militär-Statistisches Jahrbuchs and cite for career officers only 55 per cent Germans, yet 16.2 per cent of mixed nationality. As right as it probably is to correct the statistical figures, it is also exceedingly difficult with the help of only one single year for lieutenants. The high percentage given in the Militär-Statistisches Jahrbuch is derived from the avowal of nationality and should thus be used in this case. 111 Galántai, Österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie, 149. 112 Deák, Der k.(u.)k. Offizier, 108–112. 113 Ibid., 123. 114 Comprehensive on this : Rudolf Neck, Arbeiterschaft und Staat im Ersten Weltkrieg 1914–1918, 2 vols. (Vienna, 1964). 115 The call for proposals was issued on 2.1.1913. Contributions on the subject of ‘The Delusion and the Harmfulness of Social Democratic Teaching’ should be submitted. The first prize was 1,000 kronen. The closure of the competition was no longer reported on. The call for proposals was presumably a failure. 116 The authorship of many contributions can no longer be determined, though it can be assumed that a large number of officers and general staff officers wrote for the army newspaper.