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THE FIRST WORLD WAR - and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
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The End of the Euphoria 1051 Wehrmacht (=  Rechtshistorische Reihe, Vol. 58, Frankfurt am Main, n.d.), 32. 644 Benedikt, Damals im alten Österreich, 277 and 303. 645 Führ, Das k. u. k. Armeeoberkommando, 27. 646 Ibid., 30. 647 Ibid., 32. 648 Valiani, The End, 80. 649 Synodal Archives Budapest, Nachlass Tisza, Box 10, presentation to the Army High Command op. 2078, 26.11.1914. 650 However, figures are at best approximate values. On the military judiciary, see also the corresponding sections in Chapter 30. On this subject, see also Hans Hautmann, Todesurteile in der Endphase der Habsburgermonarchie und im Ersten Weltkrieg, in : Mit dem Tode bestraft. Historische und rechtspoli- tische Aspekte zur Todesstrafe in Österreich im 20. Jahrhundert und der Kampf um die weltweite Abschaffung, edited by Claudia Kuretsidis-Haider, Heimo Halbrainer, Elisabeth Ebner (=  Veröffentli- chungen der Forschungsstelle Nachkriegsjustiz, Vol. 2, Graz, 2008), 15–38. In 1918, figures were already circulating of 11,400 gallows, then 30,000 hanged and executed. In 1916, while he was in exile, Thomáš Masaryk named a figure of 80,000 executed. At this moment, when the dead were being used for propaganda purposes, the numbers rocketed. It is unlikely that precise figures will ever be determined, although assumptions, or even the use of picture material in which the same group of hanged bodies has been photographed from different perspectives, also contribute nothing towards clarifying the matter and remain classified as a mixture of shock, sensationalism and agitation. However, the fact that many  – far too many  – people were executed without reason is beyond doubt. 651 Quotes in Rudolf Jeřábek, Die Brussilowoffensive 1916. Ein Wendepunkt der Koalitionskriegführung der Mittelmächte, doctoral thesis, University of Vienna, 2 vols., 1982, 26 et seq. 652 KA, Marterer Tagebuch, Nos. 2, 8 and 12.12.1914. 653 Zeynek, Ein Offizier im Generalstabskorps, 202. 654 On the plans for division see also Chapter 8 : The First Winter of the War. 655 See also Wolfdieter Bihl, Die Beziehungen zwischen Österreich-Ungarn und dem Osmanischen Reich im Ersten Weltkrieg, in : Österreichische Osthefte 1 (Vienna, 1982), 33–52, here 35. 656 Mark Cornwall, The Undermining of Austria-Hungary. The Battle for Hearts and Minds (New York/ London, 2000), 41. 657 See also Jürgen Angelow, Der Erste Weltkrieg auf dem Balkan. Neue Fragestellungen und Erklärungen, in : Durchhalten ! Krieg und Gesellschaft im Vergleich 1914–1918, edited by Arnd Bauerkämper and Elise Julien (Göttingen, 2010), 178–194, here 179. 658 KA, MKSM Sonderreihe, Box 91, 26 Res., 2.9.1914. 659 KA, MKSM Sonderreihe, Box 91, 43 Res., 17.9.1914. 660 Panesch, Das Kriegstagebuch, 66. 661 Charles E. J. Fryer, The Royal Navy on the Danube (=  East European Monographs, Vol. 232, Boulder/ New York, 1988), 20 et seq. 662 Jeřábek, Potiorek, 170. 663 Mitrović, Serbia’s Great War, 70. 664 KA, Tagebuch Zanantoni, 300. 665 Wild von Hohenborn, Briefe und Tagebuchaufzeichnungen, 39. Letter dated 25.11.1914. 666 Schanes, Serbien im Ersten Weltkrieg, 162. 667 The verbatim quotes in Peball, Der Feldzug gegen Serbien und Montenegro, 28 ; others in Jeřábek, Po- tiorek, esp. 173–181. 668 Jeřábek, Potiorek, 170.
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THE FIRST WORLD WAR and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
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Title
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Subtitle
and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
Author
Manfried Rauchensteiner
Publisher
Böhlau Verlag
Location
Wien
Date
2014
Language
English
License
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
ISBN
978-3-205-79588-9
Size
17.0 x 24.0 cm
Pages
1192
Categories
Geschichte Vor 1918

Table of contents

  1. 1 On the Eve 11
  2. 2 Two Million Men for the War 49
  3. 3 Bloody Sundays 81
  4. 4 Unleashing the War 117
  5. 5 ‘Thank God, this is the Great War!’ 157
  6. 6 Adjusting to a Longer War 197
  7. 7 The End of the Euphoria 239
  8. 8 The First Winter of the War 283
  9. 9 Under Surveillance 317
  10. 10 ‘The King of Italy has declared war on Me’ 355
  11. 11 The Third Front 383
  12. 12 Factory War and Domestic Front, 1915 413
  13. 13 Summer Battle and ‘Autumn Swine’ 441
  14. 14 War Aims and Central Europe 469
  15. 15 South Tyrol : The End of an Illusion (I) 497
  16. 16 Lutsk :The End of an Illusion (II) 521
  17. 17 How is a War Financed ? 555
  18. 18 The Nameless 583
  19. 19 The Death of the Old Emperor 607
  20. 20 Emperor Karl 641
  21. 21 The Writing on the Wall 657
  22. 22 The Consequences of the Russian February Revolution 691
  23. 23 Summer 1917 713
  24. 24 Kerensky Offensive and Peace Efforts 743
  25. 25 The Pyrrhic Victory : The Breakthrough Battle of Flitsch-Tolmein 769
  26. 26 Camps 803
  27. 27 Peace Feelers in the Shadow of Brest-Litovsk 845
  28. 28 The Inner Front 869
  29. 29 The June Battle in Veneto 895
  30. 30 An Empire Resigns 927
  31. 31 The Twilight Empire 955
  32. 32 The War becomes History 983
  33. Epilogue 1011
  34. Afterword 1013
  35. Acknowledgements and Dedication 1019
  36. Notes 1023
  37. Selected Printed Sources and Literature 1115
  38. Index of People and Places 1155
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