Page - 1055 - in THE FIRST WORLD WAR - and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918

Under Surveillance 1055 9. Under Surveillance 749 The National Archives, Kew, FO 371/2602 Interrogation of a deserted Hungarian officer, 8.6.1916. 750 Kriegsarchiv, Vienna (War Archives, hereafter KA), Bestand der Militärkanzlei Seiner Majestät (here- after MKSM) 1915 69-8/5.19 ‘Unsere Verluste bis anfangs Juni 1915’, 22.7.1915. 751 KA, MKSM 1915 69-8/5. 752 KA, MKSM 1915 69-8/5.20 ‘Über Vermisste. Versuch einer Berichtigung der Verlustzahlen. Anzahl der Kriegsgefangenen’. 753 Zeynek, Ein Offizier im Generalstabskorps, 194. 754 Schneider, Kriegserinnerungen, 118. Helmut Kusmics and Sabine A. Haring however, concluded from the analysis made by Constantin Schneider, albeit after the war, which is supplemented by his war accounts, that precisely during the first months of the war, significant differences emerged between the Austro-Hungarian officers on the one hand and the German officers on the other, and that, in particular, the terms ‘bravery’ and ‘leadership’ were understood and treated very differently. See also the contribution made by the same authors : Habitus und Reform in der Habsburger Armee zwischen 1800 und 1918, in : Reform, Reorganisation, Transformation. Zum Wandel in deutschen Streitkräften von den preußischen Heeresreformern bis zur Transformation der Bundeswehr, edited by Karl-Heinz Lutz, Martin Rink and Marcus von Salisch. Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Munich, 2010), 107–128. 755 Schneider, Kriegserinnerungen, 119. 756 Ibid., 240 et seq. 757 Zeynek, Ein Offizier im Generalstabskorps, 194. 758 Schneider, Kriegserinnerungen, 83. 759 Kerchnawe, Die unzureichende Kriegsrüstung der Mittelmächte, loc. cit. However, the contribution is primarily a justification. See also the explanations given by Peter Broucek in Zeynek, Ein Offizier im Generalstabskorps, 194 et seq., note 251. Also Rudolf Jeřábek, Die Ostfront, in : Mark Cornwall (ed.), Die letzten Jahre der Donaumonarchie. Der erste Vielvölkerstaat im Europa des frühen 20. Jahrhun- derts (Essen, 2004), 155–173. 760 KA, NL B/726/ Robert Nowak No. 1/I, Die Klammer des Reiches. Das Verhalten der elf Nationalitäten Österreich-Ungarns in der k. u. k. Wehrmacht 1914–1918, manuscript (1964), 2 vols., 253. The refer- ence to the project funded by Ludwig Jedlicka, as a result of which the manuscript by R. Nowak was produced, was kindly provided by my Hungarian colleague and former student Dr András Kocsis. 761 KA, Nowak, Die Klammer des Reiches I, 293. 762 The information on national composition on the basis of the language of communication again in Max- imilian Ehnl, Die österreichisch-ungarische Landmacht, loc. cit. 763 Hildegard Mandl, Galizische Flüchtlinge in der Steiermark zu Beginn des ersten Weltkrieges, in : Zeitschrift des historischen Vereines für Steiermark, Vol. 77 (Graz, 1986), 280. 764 Bardolff, Soldat im alten Österreich, 190. 765 KA, Nowak, Die Klammer des Reiches I, 531. 766 Ibid., 327. 767 Ibid., 330 et seq. 768 Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Austrian State Archives, hereafter HHStA), Cabinetts Archiv, Ungar- ische Ministerratsprotokolle, 20.2.1915. 769 The reference to the Russophile attitude among the Ruthenians in particular was widespread. It can be found in a wide range of different war memoirs, but also circulated far away from the front. Thus, Redlich noted repeatedly from the end of August 1914 that the defeats were explained by the disloyalty of the population in East Galicia and the countless spies.