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Summer
Battle and ‘Autumn Swine’ 1065
13. Summer Battle and ‘Autumn Swine’
1052 Hecht, Fragen zur Heeresergänzung, 313
1053 Kaiser Karl. Persönliche Aufzeichnungen, 102.
1054 See also : Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht, 158–169, and esp.: Kraft, Staatsraison und Kriegführung
im kaiserlichen Deutschland (Göttingen, 1980), 93 et seq.
1055 Kraft, Staatsraison und Kriegführung, 95.
1056 Ibid.
1057 Kriegsarchiv (Austrian War Archives ; hereafter KA), Schneller Tagebuch, 395.
1058 Very detailed descriptions also in : Hesshaimer, Miniaturen aus der Monarchie, 91–94.
1059 Ibid., 110.
1060 The use of chlorine gas as Ypres is regarded as the first large-scale use of chemical agents during the
First World War. During the course of 1914, the French had already fired bromoacetic ester grenades,
but while these released a suffocating agent, it was not poisonous. Even before the end of 1915, phos-
gene began to be used, which was then mixed with diphenylchlorarsin in order to “break through” the
Allied gas masks. On warfare using poison gas, see Robert Harris and Jeremy Paxman, A Higher Form
of Killing : The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare (London, 1982), here esp. 13–33.
Also Achim Theodor Schäfer, Lexikon biologischer und chemischer Kampfstoffe und der Erreger von
Tier- und Pflanzenkrankheiten, die als Kampfstoffe nutzbar sind (Berlin, 2003).
1061 KA, Kundmann Tagebuch, 26.7.1915.
1062 KA, Marterer Tagebuch, No. 3, 23.6.1915.
1063 See also : Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg, Vol. II, 588–609.
1064 Wild von Hohenborn, Briefe und Tagebuchaufzeichnungen, 78.
1065 Jeřábek, Brussilowoffensive I, 73.
1066 KA, Kundmann Tagebuch, 26.7.1915.
1067 Burián in conversation with Conrad on 26.7.1915, quoted from : KA, Kundmann Tagebuch, entry for
this date.
1068 Stone, Eastern Front, 187 et seq.
1069 Janßen, Kanzler, 150.
1070 Ibid., 136.
1071 KA, Bestand der Militärkanzlei Seiner Majestät (hereafter MKSM), Conrad to Bolfras, 11.8.1915.
1072 Kraft, Staatsraison, 107.
1073 Jeřábek, Brussilowoffensive I, 80.
1074 Stone, Eastern Front, 190.
1075 Hecht, Fragen zur Heeresergänzung, 250 et seq.
1076 KA, MKSM, Conrad to Bolfras, 21 7.1915.
1077 A detailed account of the offensive in : Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg, Vol. III, 51–184.
1078 Hesshaimer, Miniaturen aus der Monarchie, 124.
1079 KA, Kundmann Tagebuch, 28.8.1915.
1080 KA, Schneller Tagebuch, 3.9.1915.
1081 Jeřábek, Brussilowoffensive I, 87.
1082 Ibid., 93.
1083 The diaries mentioned, and also : Jeřábek, Brussilowoffensive I, 94.
1084 KA, Kundmann Tagebuch, 13.9.1915.
1085 KA, Schneller Tagebuch, 13.9.1915.
1086 Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Austrian State Archives, HHStA), PA I, Box 499, geh. XLVII/2b–13.
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
- Title
- THE FIRST WORLD WAR
- Subtitle
- and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
- Author
- Manfried Rauchensteiner
- Publisher
- Böhlau Verlag
- Location
- Wien
- Date
- 2014
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-205-79588-9
- Size
- 17.0 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 1192
- Categories
- Geschichte Vor 1918
Table of contents
- 1 On the Eve 11
- 2 Two Million Men for the War 49
- 3 Bloody Sundays 81
- 4 Unleashing the War 117
- 5 ‘Thank God, this is the Great War!’ 157
- 6 Adjusting to a Longer War 197
- 7 The End of the Euphoria 239
- 8 The First Winter of the War 283
- 9 Under Surveillance 317
- 10 ‘The King of Italy has declared war on Me’ 355
- 11 The Third Front 383
- 12 Factory War and Domestic Front, 1915 413
- 13 Summer Battle and ‘Autumn Swine’ 441
- 14 War Aims and Central Europe 469
- 15 South Tyrol : The End of an Illusion (I) 497
- 16 Lutsk :The End of an Illusion (II) 521
- 17 How is a War Financed ? 555
- 18 The Nameless 583
- 19 The Death of the Old Emperor 607
- 20 Emperor Karl 641
- 21 The Writing on the Wall 657
- 22 The Consequences of the Russian February Revolution 691
- 23 Summer 1917 713
- 24 Kerensky Offensive and Peace Efforts 743
- 25 The Pyrrhic Victory : The Breakthrough Battle of Flitsch-Tolmein 769
- 26 Camps 803
- 27 Peace Feelers in the Shadow of Brest-Litovsk 845
- 28 The Inner Front 869
- 29 The June Battle in Veneto 895
- 30 An Empire Resigns 927
- 31 The Twilight Empire 955
- 32 The War becomes History 983
- Epilogue 1011
- Afterword 1013
- Acknowledgements and Dedication 1019
- Notes 1023
- Selected Printed Sources and Literature 1115
- Index of People and Places 1155