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Chapter
7306
and a half months of Hell’s absence from his post, his international reputation
became further consolidated and reached a new height. It was from this new
height that he may have reasonably expected to resume his activities in Vien-
na: managing the Imperial and Royal Observatory, editing the Ephemerides,
now complemented with working on the Expeditio litteraria as the definitive
product of the Arctic journey. However, the climate in Vienna was gradually
changing, and around the time of the Vardø expedition the impulse of reform
that had begun in the Habsburg monarchy in the late 1740s was turning into its
phase known as enlightened absolutism. Roughly simultaneously, and not un-
related to the enlightened turn of reform from above, new platforms and ten-
dencies of intellectual sociability—a critical “public sphere”—began to appear
and exert an influence, too. These developments had a significant impact on
the Jesuit court astronomer’s status and scope of action, and more generally on
the conditions of cultivating “Catholic knowledge” in the Habsburg realm.
1 Habsburg Centralization and the De-centering of Hell
The status of Hell and his observatory on the domestic and international
scheme was an achievement undoubtedly attained thanks to a strategy care-
fully planned and realized through strenuous work by him and his associates.
At the heart of this strategy was the endeavor to answer at all times the con-
temporary professional and ethical requirements of sound research: commit-
ment, service, and accuracy. However, scientific adeptness and the cultivation
of values associated with the dominant scientific ethos, while of paramount
importance to the historical agents involved, were by themselves no guarantee
of success. That depended on the confluence of several other factors, some of
them outside the realm of the pursuit of knowledge. In the given case, these
included a (still) powerful and well-networked religious order with a tradition
of promoting science (a “science-friendly” Society of Jesus); the patronage of
the dynasty and government of a Catholic power; and the choice of a univer-
sally accessible language for the dissemination of the information thus ob-
tained in the Ephemerides. Hell’s dedication to the Hungarus tradition could
also be smoothly reconciled with each of these factors. The harmony among
the elements of this combination, however, became subverted shortly after
Hell’s Arctic expedition; his observation of the transit of Venus and his calcula-
tion of the solar parallax had marked the zenith of his career and fame as an
astronomer. Many of Hell’s subsequent activities and moves—his plan for an
Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1774–76, the uses to which he apparently
turned the stock of international recognition embodied in the Ephemerides
back to the
book Maximilian Hell (1720–92) - And the Ends of Jesuit Science in Enlightenment Europe"
Maximilian Hell (1720–92)
And the Ends of Jesuit Science in Enlightenment Europe
- Title
- Maximilian Hell (1720–92)
- Subtitle
- And the Ends of Jesuit Science in Enlightenment Europe
- Authors
- Per Pippin Aspaas
- László Kontler
- Publisher
- Brill
- Location
- Leiden
- Date
- 2020
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-90-04-41683-3
- Size
- 15.5 x 24.1 cm
- Pages
- 492
- Categories
- Naturwissenschaften Physik
Table of contents
- Acknowledgments VII
- List of Illustrations IX
- Bibliographic Abbreviations X
- Introduction 1
- 1 Shafts and Stars, Crafts and Sciences: The Making of a Jesuit Astronomer in the Habsburg Provinces 37
- 2 Metropolitan Lures: Enlightened and Jesuit Networks, and a New Node of Science 91
- 3 A New Node of Science in Action: The 1761 Transit of Venus and Hell’s Transition to Fame 134
- 4 The North Beckons: “A desperate voyage by desperate persons” 172
- 5 He Came, He Saw, He Conquered? The Expeditio litteraria ad Polum Arcticum 209
- 6 “Tahiti and Vardø will be the two columns […]”: Observing Venus andDebating the Parallax 258
- 7 Disruption of Old Structures 305
- 8 Coping with Enlightenments 344
- Appendix 1 Map of the Austrian Province of the Society of Jesus (with Glossary of Geographic Names) 394
- Appendix 2 Instruction for the Imperial and Royal Astronomer Maximilian Hell, S.J 398
- Bibliography 400
- Index 459