Seite - 65 - in Maximilian Hell (1720–92) - And the Ends of Jesuit Science in Enlightenment Europe

65The Making of a Jesuit Astronomer in the Habsburg Provinces modern (including exotic) languages and coined the word “ethnology,”79 made a scholarly record in diverse fields, from inquiry into native American cultures (based on holdings of the court library) to legal and historical studies. His works in these latter fields, which were published in the 1760s, addressed a challenge to the privileges of the Hungarian nobility, based as they were on a distinctive historical ideology. These contributions made an impact on the at- mosphere in which Hell’s and his associate János Sajnovics’s (1733–85) work on the linguistic kinship of Hungarian and “Lappish” (i.e., Sámi), and more broad- ly on early Hungarian history, was received in the 1770s.80 Another fellow novice worthy of note was János Zakarjás (Zachariás [1719– 72]), Hell’s junior by one year in the Trenčín house.81 Originally from the town of Gyöngyös in central Hungary, he entered the Society of Jesus after attending the course in logic at the University of Trnava, where he returned after his pro- bationary years to complete his studies and to teach in the gymnasium (which he then also did briefly in Esztergom). However, right upon his ordination in 1749, he applied—together with Xaver Franz Eder (Xavér Ferenc Éder [1727– 72]), another native of Banská Štiavnica and a Trenčín and Trnava graduate— for missionary work. After completing the preparatory seminar and learning some Spanish in Córdoba, they were sent to Peru, arriving in Lima in the sum- mer of 1751.82 Zakarjás did not leave a coherent account of his experiences, nor 79 On this aspect of Kollár’s contributions, see Han T. Vermeulen, Before Boas: The Genesis of Ethnography and Ethnology in the German Enlightenment (Lincoln, NE: University of Ne- braska Press, 2015), 20, 218 (referring to prompts by Tibenský, cf. n. 184). 80 See below, 254–56, 379–87. 81 Lukács, Catalogi personarum, 8:394; http://jezsuita.hu/nevtar/zacharias-janos/ (accessed April 12, 2019). 82 Zakarjás and Eder (on the latter, see http://jezsuita.hu/nevtar/eder-x-ferenc/ [accessed April 12, 2019]) were among up to twenty eighteenth-century Jesuits from the Kingdom of Hungary active in the Indies. Another one was Ignác Szentmártonyi ([1718–93], http:// jezsuita.hu/nevtar/szentmartoni-ignac/ [accessed June 5, 2019]) who taught mathemats- ics in Vienna during the early phase of Hell’s studies in the capital and later completed his curriculum in theology there at broadly the same time as Hell (see Lukács, Catalogi perso- narum, 9:43–44). Szentmártonyi joined the Brazilian mission in 1753 and carried out im- portant cartographic work. Besides shorter and older accounts of these figures, focusing on adventurous and calamitous aspects and including Tivadar Ács, “Délamerikai magyar utazók a xvii. és xviii. században,” A Földgömb, 9 (1938): 67–74, 113–17, 150–53, and Ács, Akik elvándoroltak (Budapest: n.p., 1940), or ones in which the Jesuit presence in Latin America is embedded in a larger discussion of Hungarians in the continent, László Szabó, Magyar múlt Dél-Amerikában (1519–1900) (Budapest: Európa, 1982); see also László Bar- tusz-Dobosi, “Magyar missziósok az ‘Indiákon,’” in A magyar jezsuiták küldetése a kezdetektől napjainkig, ed. Antal Molnár (Piliscsaba: Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem, 2006), 200–16. There is now a comprehensive study of those working in Brazil; see Dóra