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Chapter
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a memorandum of 1768 to this body (later also redrafted for publication as a
pamphlet), Kaunitz—effectively the first minister of the province—formulat-
ed a clear-cut position regarding the boundaries between secular and spiritual
power. He declared all ecclesiastical matters subject to the jurisdiction of the
state, except those assigned by Christ to the Apostles: preaching the Gospels,
defining Christian doctrine, performing sacraments and services, and main-
taining the inner discipline of the clergy.7 From 1769, the suppression of small-
er monasteries (more precisely: their integration in larger ones) in Lombardy
began, but the scale remained relatively modest (around one in five), and even
more so a few years later on the other experimental ground, newly annexed
Galicia.8 Further measures taken in 1771 raised the minimum age of taking mo-
nastic vows to twenty-four, and limited the “dowry” novices could bring into a
monastery to 1,500 florins; in 1772, the number of public holidays was reduced,
and pilgrimages were curbed.
While these reforms were still not overwhelming, they indicate a changing
climate in Vienna almost exactly during the period of the court astronomer’s
absence from the Habsburg capital. Besides the initiative taken by Kaunitz, the
role of Joseph ii, who succeeded his father as emperor and became co-regent
with his mother in the Austrian dominions in 1765, was pre-eminent in the
major steps. The most important—indeed, the only really important one dur-
ing the reign of Maria Theresa—among these was the one that affected Hell
most directly: the suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1773. While, as it has
been and shall be argued in this book, Jesuit competence was appreciated and
resorted to under the reforming regime in Vienna until the last moment and
beyond, the order as a corporation had suffered gradual setbacks since the late
1750s. The criticism of Jesuit educational practices (such as the frequent change
of teaching personnel, the occasionally all-too-fervent Counter-Reformation
programmatics, or the method of university lecturing by sheer dictation from
the professor’s own manuscripts, resisting the thrust toward the use of stan-
dardized textbooks) led to the piecemeal limitation of the role of the Society in
Austrian schooling. University chairs in theology and philosophy began to pass
from Jesuit hands to members of the secular clergy or representatives of the
older religious orders. In Vienna, the Jesuit directors of these faculties were
removed by a decree of 1759 and replaced by the Jansenist bishop of Wiener
Neustadt, Simon von Stock (1710–72) (followed by Franz Stephan Rautenstrauch
7 Harm Klueting, Der Josephinismus: Ausgewählte Quellen zur Geschichte der Theresianisch-
Josephinischen Reformen (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995), 120.
8 Derek Beales, “Joseph ii and the Monasteries of Austria and Hungary,” in Beales, Enlighten-
ment and Reform, 227–55, here 233–34; Beales, Joseph ii, 1:445–50, and 2:186–92.
Maximilian Hell (1720–92)
And the Ends of Jesuit Science in Enlightenment Europe
- Titel
- Maximilian Hell (1720–92)
- Untertitel
- And the Ends of Jesuit Science in Enlightenment Europe
- Autoren
- Per Pippin Aspaas
- László Kontler
- Verlag
- Brill
- Ort
- Leiden
- Datum
- 2020
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-90-04-41683-3
- Abmessungen
- 15.5 x 24.1 cm
- Seiten
- 492
- Kategorien
- Naturwissenschaften Physik
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Acknowledgments VII
- List of Illustrations IX
- Bibliographic Abbreviations X
- Introduction 1
- 1 Shafts and Stars, Crafts and Sciences: The Making of a Jesuit Astronomer in the Habsburg Provinces 37
- 2 Metropolitan Lures: Enlightened and Jesuit Networks, and a New Node of Science 91
- 3 A New Node of Science in Action: The 1761 Transit of Venus and Hell’s Transition to Fame 134
- 4 The North Beckons: “A desperate voyage by desperate persons” 172
- 5 He Came, He Saw, He Conquered? The Expeditio litteraria ad Polum Arcticum 209
- 6 “Tahiti and Vardø will be the two columns […]”: Observing Venus andDebating the Parallax 258
- 7 Disruption of Old Structures 305
- 8 Coping with Enlightenments 344
- Appendix 1 Map of the Austrian Province of the Society of Jesus (with Glossary of Geographic Names) 394
- Appendix 2 Instruction for the Imperial and Royal Astronomer Maximilian Hell, S.J 398
- Bibliography 400
- Index 459