Page - 42 - in Maximilian Hell (1720–92) - And the Ends of Jesuit Science in Enlightenment Europe

Chapter 142 its closure and, first, the temporary and then the lasting expulsion of the Jesu- its from the principality in 1607.12 These developments were closely related to the conflicts between the Habsburgs and a part of the Hungarian estates that arose in the context of the turn-of-century Ottoman wars and culminated in the 1604–6 rebellion led by István Bocskai (1557–1606). However, in the ensuing atmosphere of compro- mise, the extensive re-conversion of Hungarian magnates and well-to-do no- bles began. The resources and the legal security ensured by the patronage of this Catholic elite created favorable conditions for the return of the Jesuits— not yet in Transylvania, where it occurred after the expulsion of the Ottomans and the fall of the principality at the end of the seventeenth century, but north- ern Hungary, including the mining towns, which was a natural and early target for their resettlement. Besides the convents, gymnasia and boarding houses were also established, where fees were waived for poor but talented students. The principal locations were Trnava (1615/1613)—where Hungary’s first per- manent university was also launched in 1635, as yet with one single faculty, by the learned archbishop, Péter Pázmány (1570–1637)—Bratislava (1622/27), Győr (Jaurinum, Raab, 1627), Sopron (Sopronium, Ödenburg, 1636) Trenčín (1647/49), Prešov (Eperjes, Eperiesinum, Preschau, 1647/73), Banská Bystrica (1648), Banská Štiavnica (1649), Košice (1650—with another studium generale created in 1660), Rožňava (Rozsnyó, Rosnavia, Rosenau, 1656/90), Levoča (1673).14 During these decades, resources were poured on the Society of Jesus in this new field of operation by the dynasty, by magnates, and—following the example of the latter—by further stakeholders, including town magistrates and other corporate bodies. Records abound in reports about generous cash 12 On the early history of the Society of Jesus in (Upper) Hungary and Transylvania, see András Gyenis, A jezsuita rend hazánkban (Budapest: Szalézi Művek, 1941), 4–9; János Pé- teri [Antal Petruch], Az első jezsuiták Magyarországon (Rome: n.p., 1963); Emil Krapka and Vojtech Mikula, Dejiny Spoločnosti Ježišovej na Slovensku (Cambridge, ON: Dobrá Kniha, 1990); Antal Molnár, “A jezsuita rend a 16. századi Magyarországon,” Vigilia 64, no. 5 (1999): 348–59; Molnár, Lehetetlen küldetés? Jezsuiták Erdélyben és Felső-Magyarországon a 16–17. században (Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2009). On the Jesuit college of Cluj, see Ágnes Flóra, “Rekatolizáció és provokáció? A kolozsvári jezsuita kollégium alapítása és a városi tanács,” in Szentírás, hagyomány, reformáció: Teológia- és egyháztörténeti tanulmányok, ed. Beatrix F. Romhányi and Gábor Kendeffy (Budapest: Gondolat, 2008), 287–96. 13 These dates denote the establishment of the convent and the gymnasium, respectively (where only one date is provided, these coincided). 14 For more on some of these foundations, see Zsófia Kádár, “Jesuitische Kolleggründungen im Westungarischen Raum in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts: Die Beispiele von Raab/Győr und Ödenburg/Sopron,” in Frühneuzeitforschung in der Habsburgermonar- chie, Adel und Wiener Hof—Konfessionalisierung—Siebenbürgen, ed. István Fazekas et al. ( Vienna: Institut für Ungarische Geschichtsforschung, 2013), 155–70.