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Chapter
142
its closure and, first, the temporary and then the lasting expulsion of the Jesu-
its from the principality in 1607.12
These developments were closely related to the conflicts between the
Habsburgs and a part of the Hungarian estates that arose in the context of the
turn-of-century Ottoman wars and culminated in the 1604–6 rebellion led by
István Bocskai (1557–1606). However, in the ensuing atmosphere of compro-
mise, the extensive re-conversion of Hungarian magnates and well-to-do no-
bles began. The resources and the legal security ensured by the patronage of
this Catholic elite created favorable conditions for the return of the Jesuits—
not yet in Transylvania, where it occurred after the expulsion of the Ottomans
and the fall of the principality at the end of the seventeenth century, but north-
ern Hungary, including the mining towns, which was a natural and early target
for their resettlement. Besides the convents, gymnasia and boarding houses
were also established, where fees were waived for poor but talented students.
The principal locations were Trnava (1615/1613)—where Hungary’s first per-
manent university was also launched in 1635, as yet with one single faculty, by
the learned archbishop, Péter Pázmány (1570–1637)—Bratislava (1622/27),
Győr (Jaurinum, Raab, 1627), Sopron (Sopronium, Ödenburg, 1636) Trenčín
(1647/49), Prešov (Eperjes, Eperiesinum, Preschau, 1647/73), Banská Bystrica
(1648), Banská Štiavnica (1649), Košice (1650—with another studium generale
created in 1660), Rožňava (Rozsnyó, Rosnavia, Rosenau, 1656/90), Levoča
(1673).14 During these decades, resources were poured on the Society of Jesus
in this new field of operation by the dynasty, by magnates, and—following the
example of the latter—by further stakeholders, including town magistrates
and other corporate bodies. Records abound in reports about generous cash
12 On the early history of the Society of Jesus in (Upper) Hungary and Transylvania, see
András Gyenis, A jezsuita rend hazánkban (Budapest: Szalézi Művek, 1941), 4–9; János Pé-
teri [Antal Petruch], Az első jezsuiták Magyarországon (Rome: n.p., 1963); Emil Krapka and
Vojtech Mikula, Dejiny Spoločnosti Ježišovej na Slovensku (Cambridge, ON: Dobrá Kniha,
1990); Antal Molnár, “A jezsuita rend a 16. századi Magyarországon,” Vigilia 64, no. 5 (1999):
348–59; Molnár, Lehetetlen küldetés? Jezsuiták Erdélyben és Felső-Magyarországon a 16–17.
században (Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2009). On the Jesuit college of Cluj, see Ágnes Flóra,
“Rekatolizáció és provokáció? A kolozsvári jezsuita kollégium alapítása és a városi tanács,”
in Szentírás, hagyomány, reformáció: Teológia- és egyháztörténeti tanulmányok, ed. Beatrix
F. Romhányi and Gábor Kendeffy (Budapest: Gondolat, 2008), 287–96.
13 These dates denote the establishment of the convent and the gymnasium, respectively
(where only one date is provided, these coincided).
14 For more on some of these foundations, see Zsófia Kádár, “Jesuitische Kolleggründungen
im Westungarischen Raum in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts: Die Beispiele von
Raab/Győr und Ödenburg/Sopron,” in Frühneuzeitforschung in der Habsburgermonar-
chie, Adel und Wiener Hof—Konfessionalisierung—Siebenbürgen, ed. István Fazekas et al.
( Vienna: Institut für Ungarische Geschichtsforschung, 2013), 155–70.
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book Maximilian Hell (1720–92) - And the Ends of Jesuit Science in Enlightenment Europe"
Maximilian Hell (1720–92)
And the Ends of Jesuit Science in Enlightenment Europe
- Title
- Maximilian Hell (1720–92)
- Subtitle
- And the Ends of Jesuit Science in Enlightenment Europe
- Authors
- Per Pippin Aspaas
- László Kontler
- Publisher
- Brill
- Location
- Leiden
- Date
- 2020
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-90-04-41683-3
- Size
- 15.5 x 24.1 cm
- Pages
- 492
- Categories
- Naturwissenschaften Physik
Table of contents
- Acknowledgments VII
- List of Illustrations IX
- Bibliographic Abbreviations X
- Introduction 1
- 1 Shafts and Stars, Crafts and Sciences: The Making of a Jesuit Astronomer in the Habsburg Provinces 37
- 2 Metropolitan Lures: Enlightened and Jesuit Networks, and a New Node of Science 91
- 3 A New Node of Science in Action: The 1761 Transit of Venus and Hell’s Transition to Fame 134
- 4 The North Beckons: “A desperate voyage by desperate persons” 172
- 5 He Came, He Saw, He Conquered? The Expeditio litteraria ad Polum Arcticum 209
- 6 “Tahiti and Vardø will be the two columns […]”: Observing Venus andDebating the Parallax 258
- 7 Disruption of Old Structures 305
- 8 Coping with Enlightenments 344
- Appendix 1 Map of the Austrian Province of the Society of Jesus (with Glossary of Geographic Names) 394
- Appendix 2 Instruction for the Imperial and Royal Astronomer Maximilian Hell, S.J 398
- Bibliography 400
- Index 459