Page - 243 - in Maximilian Hell (1720–92) - And the Ends of Jesuit Science in Enlightenment Europe

243The Expeditio litteraria ad Polum Arcticum Demonstratio.108 The Sámi are characterized in these in a vocabulary used in contemporary stadial history109 to describe “savage” societies as yet resisting the influences of their more civilized neighbors. They invariably emphasize the bodily feebleness of the Sámi,110 and the consequent lack of military prow- ess among them,111 though one source claims that “once upon a time, six hun- dred Lapps put twenty thousand Muscovites to flight.”112 Occasionally, the characterization of their physical features is conceived as a part of the general presentation of polar peoples. Thus, Sámi are linked with Fuegians, described as “the most inferior variety of our human kind” whom “it is impossible to be- hold without compassion and repugnance”; “according to some writers, they form the link between humanity and the Troglodytes [i.e., apes],” though the 108 We thank Ildikó Kristóf for bringing these works to our attention. 109 The literature on Enlightenment stadial history, classifying human societies according to progress in their mode of subsistence from hunting-gathering through pasturing to agri- culture and commerce, and more generally the “sciences of man,” would fill a small library. Selectively, see Gladys Bryson, Man and Society: The Scottish Inquiry of the Eigh­ teenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1945); Michèle Duchet, Anthropolo­ gie et histoire au siècle des lumières (Paris: Albin Michel, 1971); Antonello Gerbi, The Dispute of the New World: The History of a Polemic 1750–1900 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973); Ronald L. Meek, Social Science and the Ignoble Savage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); Peter J. Marshall and Glyndwr Williams, The Great Map of Mankind: Perceptions of New Worlds in the Age of Enlightenment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982); Anthony Pagden, The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Pagden, European Encounters with the New World (New Haven: Yale Univer- sity Press, 1993); Roxann Wheeler, The Complexion of Race: Categories of Difference in Eighteenth­ Century British Culture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000); Hans Erich Bödeker, Philippe Büttgen, and Michel Espagne, eds., Die Wissenschaft vom Menschen in Göttingen um 1800 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008); Silvia Sebas- tiani, I limiti del progresso: Razza e genere nell’Illuminismo scozzese (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2008), and the revised English edition, The Scottish Enlightenment: Race, Gender, and the Limits of Progress (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). For Hungarian resonances, see Olga Penke, Filozofikus világtörténetek és történetfilozófiák: A francia és a magyar felvi­ lágosodás (Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, 2000); Péter Balázs, Biblia, história és bölcselet a felvi­ lágosodás korában (Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2013). 110 [Johann Hübner], Geographica globi terraquei synopsis: A multis praesertim quod Hungariam attinet, erroribus, qui in Celeberrimo alias Geographo Hübnero, aliisque circum­ feruntur, expurgata; In qua omnium mundi Regionum, & locorum situs pro Mapparum Geo­ graphicarum usu exactissime describuntur (Trnava: Acad. Societ. Jesu, 1755), 160; [Pál Bertalanffi], Világnak Két­ rendbéli ismerete: Először A’ mint Istentől teremtetett; Másodszor A’ mint az Istennek, és a’ természetnek Vezérléséből az emberektől külömbb­ külömbbféle részekre, Országokra, Tartományokra, és kösségekre osztatott […] (Trnava: Academia, 1757), 648; [László Baranyi], Rövid magyar geographia (Pest: Trattner, 1796), 129. 111 [Hübner], Geographica globi, 214. 112 Bertalanffi, Világnak Két­ rendbéli ismerete, 648.