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Cyborg Mind - What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
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20 • Cyborg Mind question whether it is actually meaningful to make a distinction between such terms.40 Indeed, healthcare is often seen as being more than just treating disorders, which means that some procedures may occupy a grey area.41 It is also difficult to consider the concept of enhancement without under- standing what is meant by the concept of ‘normal’. As a result, it may be useful to try to characterise the different terms and the questions they raise in the context of cyberneuroethical discussion in order to inform the conversa- tion in the twenty-first century and beyond. But because agreed definitions of the following terms seem impossible to obtain for the foreseeable future, only a regular redefining and updating of what these terms actually mean, based on common practice, may be feasible. Enhancement (or Augmentation) Enhancement can be defined as an activity (whether biological or not) through which an object or subject is transformed to exceed what is normal in order to improve its natural state or function.42 For example, human enhancement has been defined by the U.S. President’s Council on Bioethics in 2003 as ‘the directed use of biotechnical power to alter . . . the “normal” workings of the human body and psyche, to augment or improve their native capacities and performances’.43 In other words, the concept of enhancement reflects the idea of using technology and science to increase the human functioning of a healthy indi- vidual beyond the norm for that person and in the absence of any identified dysfunction.44 However, the concept does not generally include the creation of capacities in new beings that have never previously existed in humans (which may be considered under the concept of transhumanism). The aim is to improve upon the norm, but not to surpass a pre-existing, human, natural state or capacity. This means that enhancement procedures are not geared towards exceeding the achievement potential of human beings who are at the upper end of the statistical distribution. In this context, a cognitive enhance- ment was defined by the Swedish philosopher Nick Bostrom and the compu- tational scientist Anders Sandberg as ‘the amplification or extension of core capacities of the mind through improvement or augmentation of internal or external information processing systems’.45 Therapy versus Enhancement As previously noted, distinguishing ‘therapy’ from ‘enhancement’ is diffi- cult and would depend on the definitions of other terms as well as cultural norms and values.46 Generally, however, therapy is associated with maintain- ing, treating or restoring body parts or functions that the patient previously This open access edition has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale.
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Cyborg Mind What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Titel
Cyborg Mind
Untertitel
What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Autor
Calum MacKellar
Verlag
Berghahn Books
Datum
2019
Sprache
englisch
Lizenz
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
ISBN
978-1-78920-015-7
Abmessungen
15.2 x 22.9 cm
Seiten
264
Schlagwörter
Singularity, Transhumanism, Body modification, Bioethics
Kategorie
Technik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  1. Chapter 1. Why Use the Term ‘Cyberneuroethics’? 9
    1. The ‘Cyber’ Prefix 9
    2. The ‘Neuro’ Prefix 15
    3. Ethics 16
    4. Neuroethics 17
    5. Cyberneuroethics 18
    6. The Terminology Being Used 19
  2. Chapter 2. Popular Understanding of Neuronal Interfaces 25
    1. Public Understanding in the Media 27
  3. Chapter 3. Presentation of the Brain–Mind Interface 31
    1. The Central Nervous System 31
    2. The Mind 37
    3. The Brain–Mind Interface 38
  4. Chapter 4. Neuronal Interface Systems 43
    1. Developments in Information Technology 44
    2. Developments in Understanding the Brain 45
    3. Developments in Neuronal Interfaces 46
    4. Procedures Involved in Neuronal Interfaces 47
    5. Output Neuronal Interface Systems: Reading the Brain and Mind 49
    6. Input Neuronal Interface Systems: Changing the Brain and Mind 57
    7. Feedback Systems of the Brain and Mind 67
    8. Ethical Issues Relating to the Technology of Neuronal Interfaces 84
  5. Chapter 5. Cyberneuroethics 99
    1. General Ethical Considerations Relating to Neuronal Interfaces 101
    2. Online Humans 106
    3. Changing Cognition 113
    4. Changing Consciousness 131
    5. Escaping Reality 135
    6. Changing Mood 140
    7. Changing Personality 142
    8. Changing Identity 144
    9. The Concept of Humanity 154
    10. Uploading a Mind 167
    11. Issues of Privacy 184
  6. Chapter 6. Neuronal Interfaces and Policy 217
    1. New Cybercrimes 218
    2. Policy Concerns 223
    3. Conclusion 229
    4. Human Autonomy 232
    5. Resistance to Such a Development 234
    6. Risks of Neuronal Interfaces 234
    7. Appendix. Scottish Council on Human Bioethics Recommendations on
    8. Cyberneuroethics 239
    9. Glossary 244
    10. Index 251
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