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Cyborg Mind - What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
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48 • Cyborg Mind In this regard, a number of technologies are already being developed or considered that can be used to analyse or modify certain areas of the brain over a long period of time, such as through the use of wireless technologies. Moreover, the development of a better understanding of ‘background’ brain activity is allowing greater control of the information coming in and out of the brain.10 At the moment, neuronal interfaces have generally relied on visual feed- back in which a person looks at the activity produced by the interface in order to decide how best it can be controlled and used, but new forms of sensory feedback systems may become possible in the future. Considerable interest has also been expressed for neuronal interfaces that record and process brain activity in real time through implanted electrodes. It may then be possible for the brain to learn how to incor- porate this activity into normal function. These neuronal interfaces could, for example, be applied to directly control a patient’s paralysed muscles. Indeed, such interfaces are already being used to directly stimulate the muscles in the body of disabled persons, while receiving feedback from the network of neurons responsible for the sense of balance or movement in these persons’ brains.11 Applications that may prove more ethically challenging in the future are those that involve long-term modifications to the strength of connections between the neurons that are associated with learning and behaviour. In this regard, neuronal interfaces could actually modify the brain to react in a certain manner to a certain kind of stimulus in order to enhance the learning process. Progress in the development of neuronal interfaces could also affect higher-order areas of the brain to produce what can be characterised as cogni- tive replacement parts, causing significant changes in terms of how the brain operates and functions. These could be considered, for example, to address the consequences of a stroke in a patient, but could, in addition, be used to manipulate and even exploit others.12 The technology is also enabling new uses to be considered that not only seek to restore a function, but enable human beings to be enhanced in some way or access completely new experiences. For instance, it may in the future be possible to extend neuronal interface applications to new forms of brain manipulation aimed at cognitive enhancement or neuronal ‘modification’ or ‘correction’. In relation to these future possibilities, three types of neuronal interface systems are generally considered: 13 1. Interfacing out (output) of the nervous system: this enables biological information to exit a neuronal network, such as the brain, which can then This open access edition has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale.
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Cyborg Mind What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Titel
Cyborg Mind
Untertitel
What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Autor
Calum MacKellar
Verlag
Berghahn Books
Datum
2019
Sprache
englisch
Lizenz
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
ISBN
978-1-78920-015-7
Abmessungen
15.2 x 22.9 cm
Seiten
264
Schlagwörter
Singularity, Transhumanism, Body modification, Bioethics
Kategorie
Technik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  1. Chapter 1. Why Use the Term ‘Cyberneuroethics’? 9
    1. The ‘Cyber’ Prefix 9
    2. The ‘Neuro’ Prefix 15
    3. Ethics 16
    4. Neuroethics 17
    5. Cyberneuroethics 18
    6. The Terminology Being Used 19
  2. Chapter 2. Popular Understanding of Neuronal Interfaces 25
    1. Public Understanding in the Media 27
  3. Chapter 3. Presentation of the Brain–Mind Interface 31
    1. The Central Nervous System 31
    2. The Mind 37
    3. The Brain–Mind Interface 38
  4. Chapter 4. Neuronal Interface Systems 43
    1. Developments in Information Technology 44
    2. Developments in Understanding the Brain 45
    3. Developments in Neuronal Interfaces 46
    4. Procedures Involved in Neuronal Interfaces 47
    5. Output Neuronal Interface Systems: Reading the Brain and Mind 49
    6. Input Neuronal Interface Systems: Changing the Brain and Mind 57
    7. Feedback Systems of the Brain and Mind 67
    8. Ethical Issues Relating to the Technology of Neuronal Interfaces 84
  5. Chapter 5. Cyberneuroethics 99
    1. General Ethical Considerations Relating to Neuronal Interfaces 101
    2. Online Humans 106
    3. Changing Cognition 113
    4. Changing Consciousness 131
    5. Escaping Reality 135
    6. Changing Mood 140
    7. Changing Personality 142
    8. Changing Identity 144
    9. The Concept of Humanity 154
    10. Uploading a Mind 167
    11. Issues of Privacy 184
  6. Chapter 6. Neuronal Interfaces and Policy 217
    1. New Cybercrimes 218
    2. Policy Concerns 223
    3. Conclusion 229
    4. Human Autonomy 232
    5. Resistance to Such a Development 234
    6. Risks of Neuronal Interfaces 234
    7. Appendix. Scottish Council on Human Bioethics Recommendations on
    8. Cyberneuroethics 239
    9. Glossary 244
    10. Index 251
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