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Cyborg Mind - What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
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50 • Cyborg Mind In actual fact, in order to determine what is happening inside a brain, it was necessary to measure the electrical signals that are present in a neuron or group of neurons. Historical research in this area dates back to the 1950s, with the examination of squid neurons, which are exceptionally large and easy to manipulate. The final aim was to obtain a complete read-out of the state of a brain by measuring every single electrical signal in every brain neuron.14 At present, neuronal output interfaces that can be used to analyse brain functions are very much anticipated by scientists. The aim is for electrical sig- nals from the brain to be interpreted in order to predict cognitive intentions, such as performing a movement, meaning that they could eventually replace any lost connections that a person’s brain has with his or her body or any other machine. Nonetheless, neuronal interfaces could eventually become the preferred way for human beings to interact with computers instead of using keyboards, touchscreens, mice and voice command devices.15 Interfacing out of the brain with output neuronal interface systems can take place, first of all, though the means of electrodes that can either be situ- ated on the surface of the skin of the head (noninvasive) or inside the skull (invasive). The different types of electrodes used result in significant differ- ences in success rates in terms of making contact with the desired area or cell type in the brain. Safety concerns also vary depending on which kinds of electrodes are used or where they are located. For example, surgery is required with implanted and invasive electrodes, which is associated with a number of risks. Another more general and indirect read-out of brain activity can be obtained through different kinds of scanning procedures. These do not directly measure the electrical activity of neurons, either individually or in groups, but rely on the fact that thinking necessitates small amounts of energy that can be measured in terms of the variation of brain metabolism. But this still has many limitations and can only be used for some of the most basic brain activities.16 Invasive Output Neuronal Interface Systems The first experiments using invasive neuronal interfaces with electrodes placed inside the brain were undertaken on nonhuman primates, such as Rhesus monkeys, in the 1970s in the United States.17 From these experi- ments, a relationship was discovered between the electrical responses in the brains of these monkeys and the direction in which they moved their arms.18 More recently, experiments using electrode implants in the brains of the same species of monkeys have been undertaken to associate brain signals with their use of a mechanical robotic arm. 19 This open access edition has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale.
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Cyborg Mind What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Titel
Cyborg Mind
Untertitel
What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Autor
Calum MacKellar
Verlag
Berghahn Books
Datum
2019
Sprache
englisch
Lizenz
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
ISBN
978-1-78920-015-7
Abmessungen
15.2 x 22.9 cm
Seiten
264
Schlagwörter
Singularity, Transhumanism, Body modification, Bioethics
Kategorie
Technik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  1. Chapter 1. Why Use the Term ‘Cyberneuroethics’? 9
    1. The ‘Cyber’ Prefix 9
    2. The ‘Neuro’ Prefix 15
    3. Ethics 16
    4. Neuroethics 17
    5. Cyberneuroethics 18
    6. The Terminology Being Used 19
  2. Chapter 2. Popular Understanding of Neuronal Interfaces 25
    1. Public Understanding in the Media 27
  3. Chapter 3. Presentation of the Brain–Mind Interface 31
    1. The Central Nervous System 31
    2. The Mind 37
    3. The Brain–Mind Interface 38
  4. Chapter 4. Neuronal Interface Systems 43
    1. Developments in Information Technology 44
    2. Developments in Understanding the Brain 45
    3. Developments in Neuronal Interfaces 46
    4. Procedures Involved in Neuronal Interfaces 47
    5. Output Neuronal Interface Systems: Reading the Brain and Mind 49
    6. Input Neuronal Interface Systems: Changing the Brain and Mind 57
    7. Feedback Systems of the Brain and Mind 67
    8. Ethical Issues Relating to the Technology of Neuronal Interfaces 84
  5. Chapter 5. Cyberneuroethics 99
    1. General Ethical Considerations Relating to Neuronal Interfaces 101
    2. Online Humans 106
    3. Changing Cognition 113
    4. Changing Consciousness 131
    5. Escaping Reality 135
    6. Changing Mood 140
    7. Changing Personality 142
    8. Changing Identity 144
    9. The Concept of Humanity 154
    10. Uploading a Mind 167
    11. Issues of Privacy 184
  6. Chapter 6. Neuronal Interfaces and Policy 217
    1. New Cybercrimes 218
    2. Policy Concerns 223
    3. Conclusion 229
    4. Human Autonomy 232
    5. Resistance to Such a Development 234
    6. Risks of Neuronal Interfaces 234
    7. Appendix. Scottish Council on Human Bioethics Recommendations on
    8. Cyberneuroethics 239
    9. Glossary 244
    10. Index 251
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