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Cyborg Mind - What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
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58 • Cyborg Mind Invasive Input Neuronal Interface Systems Neuronal Implants for Deafness A number of different technologies have been, and are continuing to be, developed over the years to address the diminished, or complete lack of, hear- ing function in certain individuals. These have revolutionised the options offered to person who want to regain a better (or even just some) form of hearing. These include: (1) cochlear implants that bypass the dysfunctional signal recognition system in the ear; and (2) auditory brain stem implants that completely sidestep the whole hearing system. Cochlear Implants Cochlear implants have revolutionised the lives of many individuals who were either born with no ability to hear or became deaf after birth. In a healthy hearing system, pressure waves in the air (defined as sound) enter the outer ear and make the tightly stretched fragile membrane, the ear drum, vibrate. A set of three very small bones in what is called the middle ear on the inner side of the eardrum pick up this vibration and mechanically amplify the signal. The last bone in the sequence makes contact with a spiral structure that resembles the outside of a snail shell. Known as the cochlear, this is filled with fluid and lined with millions of hair-like projections. The vibrating bones cause pressure waves to travel through the liquid, thereby deflecting the hairs. In turn, this deflection sets off an electrical impulse that travels along the auditory nerve to an area of the brain known as the auditory cortex. A cochlear implant is used when hearing loss is caused by anything that prevents a signal entering the auditory nerve, but when this nerve remains intact and functional, such as when severe damage exists to the outer or middle ear, or when the hair cells in the cochlear have been lost. The system works by clipping a set of about twenty very small pin-like electrodes around the auditory nerve so that the pins come into contact with the auditory nerve bundle and make close connections with the nerve fibres. A short cable is then connected between the electrodes and a sound microprocessor, containing microphones, which is normally positioned on the outside of the skull behind the user’s ear so that it picks up sound in a similar way to a healthy human ear. In this way, the sound gathered by the microphone is turned into coded signals by the external processor (which selectively filters sound to prioritise audible speech), which is then transmit- ted to the implanted unit that converts them into a set of signals sent to the twenty different electrodes. Accordingly, a cochlear implant works very differently from a conven- tional hearing aid. Instead of simply boosting the sound and blasting it This open access edition has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale.
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Cyborg Mind What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Titel
Cyborg Mind
Untertitel
What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Autor
Calum MacKellar
Verlag
Berghahn Books
Datum
2019
Sprache
englisch
Lizenz
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
ISBN
978-1-78920-015-7
Abmessungen
15.2 x 22.9 cm
Seiten
264
Schlagwörter
Singularity, Transhumanism, Body modification, Bioethics
Kategorie
Technik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  1. Chapter 1. Why Use the Term ‘Cyberneuroethics’? 9
    1. The ‘Cyber’ Prefix 9
    2. The ‘Neuro’ Prefix 15
    3. Ethics 16
    4. Neuroethics 17
    5. Cyberneuroethics 18
    6. The Terminology Being Used 19
  2. Chapter 2. Popular Understanding of Neuronal Interfaces 25
    1. Public Understanding in the Media 27
  3. Chapter 3. Presentation of the Brain–Mind Interface 31
    1. The Central Nervous System 31
    2. The Mind 37
    3. The Brain–Mind Interface 38
  4. Chapter 4. Neuronal Interface Systems 43
    1. Developments in Information Technology 44
    2. Developments in Understanding the Brain 45
    3. Developments in Neuronal Interfaces 46
    4. Procedures Involved in Neuronal Interfaces 47
    5. Output Neuronal Interface Systems: Reading the Brain and Mind 49
    6. Input Neuronal Interface Systems: Changing the Brain and Mind 57
    7. Feedback Systems of the Brain and Mind 67
    8. Ethical Issues Relating to the Technology of Neuronal Interfaces 84
  5. Chapter 5. Cyberneuroethics 99
    1. General Ethical Considerations Relating to Neuronal Interfaces 101
    2. Online Humans 106
    3. Changing Cognition 113
    4. Changing Consciousness 131
    5. Escaping Reality 135
    6. Changing Mood 140
    7. Changing Personality 142
    8. Changing Identity 144
    9. The Concept of Humanity 154
    10. Uploading a Mind 167
    11. Issues of Privacy 184
  6. Chapter 6. Neuronal Interfaces and Policy 217
    1. New Cybercrimes 218
    2. Policy Concerns 223
    3. Conclusion 229
    4. Human Autonomy 232
    5. Resistance to Such a Development 234
    6. Risks of Neuronal Interfaces 234
    7. Appendix. Scottish Council on Human Bioethics Recommendations on
    8. Cyberneuroethics 239
    9. Glossary 244
    10. Index 251
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