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108 • Cyborg Mind
Individuals may have to become increasingly selective and disregard what
they cannot use or understand. They may need to learn to prioritise and
develop their reliance on others for potted versions of information, while
at the same time remembering how to access that information when it is
needed.
For individuals who spend a large proportion of their time connected to
the Internet, various further challenges may arise. For example, quickly flick-
ing between many topics may undermine an individual’s ability to concen-
trate. A 2009 Stanford University study in the United States concluded that
individuals who are regularly confronted with several streams of electronic
information cannot pay attention, control their memory or switch from one
job to another as well as those who prefer to complete one task at a time.24
The American academic and communication expert Clifford Nass (1958–
2013) explains that ‘They’re suckers for irrelevancy’ and ‘Everything distracts
them’,25 with Nass’ colleague, the psychologist Anthony Wagner, explaining:
‘When they’re in situations where there are multiple sources of information
coming from the external world or emerging out of memory, they’re not able
to filter out what’s not relevant to their current goal . . . That failure to filter
means they’re slowed down by that irrelevant information.’26
Individuals who spend a lot of time online may also find it increasingly
difficult to compartmentalise different parts of their lives, such as work and
family life. As such, it may be more difficult for them to maintain boundaries
between online and offline identities. Because of the amount of time needed
to access all the websites, some have even suggested using the web to support
other activities, such as using audio electronic books to tell stories to their
children in order to save time for themselves.
Another challenge is the use of email to contact individuals about work mat-
ters during leisure time. This breakdown between a person’s professional and
private life could make it more difficult for employees to set limits and may be
one of the most important and transformative consequences of social and tech-
nological changes.27 For instance, if individuals decide not to switch off their
work mobile phones at home, they may end up working all the time. Because
of this, France decided to introduce new rules in 2016 to protect people work-
ing in the digital and consultancy sectors from work emails outside of office
hours. The deal signed between the employers’ federation and trade unions
indicates that employees will have to switch off work phones and avoid looking
at work email, while firms cannot pressure staff to check messages.28
However, an advertising professional who moved from London to New
York describes a different email culture from that found in France:
I remember on my second day seeing an email from a work colleague sent very
late that evening. To my surprise someone replied to it, and then the interac-
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Buch Cyborg Mind - What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics"
Cyborg Mind
What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
- Titel
- Cyborg Mind
- Untertitel
- What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
- Autor
- Calum MacKellar
- Verlag
- Berghahn Books
- Datum
- 2019
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-1-78920-015-7
- Abmessungen
- 15.2 x 22.9 cm
- Seiten
- 264
- Schlagwörter
- Singularity, Transhumanism, Body modification, Bioethics
- Kategorie
- Technik
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Chapter 1. Why Use the Term ‘Cyberneuroethics’? 9
- Chapter 2. Popular Understanding of Neuronal Interfaces 25
- Chapter 3. Presentation of the Brain–Mind Interface 31
- Chapter 4. Neuronal Interface Systems 43
- Developments in Information Technology 44
- Developments in Understanding the Brain 45
- Developments in Neuronal Interfaces 46
- Procedures Involved in Neuronal Interfaces 47
- Output Neuronal Interface Systems: Reading the Brain and Mind 49
- Input Neuronal Interface Systems: Changing the Brain and Mind 57
- Feedback Systems of the Brain and Mind 67
- Ethical Issues Relating to the Technology of Neuronal Interfaces 84
- Chapter 5. Cyberneuroethics 99
- Chapter 6. Neuronal Interfaces and Policy 217
- New Cybercrimes 218
- Policy Concerns 223
- Conclusion 229
- Human Autonomy 232
- Resistance to Such a Development 234
- Risks of Neuronal Interfaces 234
- Appendix. Scottish Council on Human Bioethics Recommendations on
- Cyberneuroethics 239
- Glossary 244
- Index 251