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Cyborg Mind - What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
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Cyberneuroethics • 141 On this account, one the most-studied emotional states is depression because of its prevalence amongst the general public. When physicians seek to implement a treatment for a depressed patient, they do this not only as a result of their desire to help, but also because of the patient’s expectation of receiving a tangible form of treatment. This may include a prescription for antidepres- sants, for which both the risks of known and unknown adverse effects must be balanced against the benefits. Medicines are often easier to use than counsel- ling, behavioural therapy and getting rid of life’s stressors or creating a more favourable environment in which to live. This means that rather than looking at the causes, medicine may sometimes look for a quick solution that may result in a dependence on the medical and pharmaceutical professions. In this respect, ‘mood enhancers’ can represent a number of psychoac- tive drugs now available in medicinal and recreational contexts. They can enhance the mood in the sense of intensifying whatever emotions the user is experiencing or of improving the mood towards some ‘more positive’ state. But concerns already exist that human beings may eventually be reduced to being doped in a world of permanent euphoria and contentment. This may imply that there is something inherently dishonest in seeking to always alleviate distress and negative emotions through artificial means, since, as already noted, human beings may need a capacity to suffer in order to be really themselves. Being unable to suffer would relegate persons to the state of happy robots who are unable to experience compassion in its truest sense. However, this argument is in many ways analogous to the claim that hard work is a virtue when enhancement could result in the same ends,165 and is susceptible to the same criticisms.166 Moreover, unease about the authentic- ity of an experience may no longer really matter if human beings find a way of permanently controlling their emotions and reacting to experiences. With new developments in brain research, it is expected that more effec- tive treatments of psychological or psychiatric disorders will eventually be developed. For instance, if it is possible to use brain-scan technology to locate and map stored memories in the brain, traumatic memories could then be removed and more pleasant ones enhanced or even created. More generally, while still in its infancy, developments in neuronal inter- faces seeking to manage a person’s moods and wellbeing seem likely within the short to medium term.167 When persons are clinically depressed, some are already being given therapy, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), when this is considered appropriate. In other words, improving the moods or feel- ings of individuals could help in a healing process, provided it is done with their consent, is a short-term measure and is not manipulative. But it would be unacceptable to advocate antidepressants, or procedures such as ECT, for someone who was not clinically depressed because of the fear of causing inappropriate harm.168 This open access edition has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale.
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Cyborg Mind What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Titel
Cyborg Mind
Untertitel
What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Autor
Calum MacKellar
Verlag
Berghahn Books
Datum
2019
Sprache
englisch
Lizenz
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
ISBN
978-1-78920-015-7
Abmessungen
15.2 x 22.9 cm
Seiten
264
Schlagwörter
Singularity, Transhumanism, Body modification, Bioethics
Kategorie
Technik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  1. Chapter 1. Why Use the Term ‘Cyberneuroethics’? 9
    1. The ‘Cyber’ Prefix 9
    2. The ‘Neuro’ Prefix 15
    3. Ethics 16
    4. Neuroethics 17
    5. Cyberneuroethics 18
    6. The Terminology Being Used 19
  2. Chapter 2. Popular Understanding of Neuronal Interfaces 25
    1. Public Understanding in the Media 27
  3. Chapter 3. Presentation of the Brain–Mind Interface 31
    1. The Central Nervous System 31
    2. The Mind 37
    3. The Brain–Mind Interface 38
  4. Chapter 4. Neuronal Interface Systems 43
    1. Developments in Information Technology 44
    2. Developments in Understanding the Brain 45
    3. Developments in Neuronal Interfaces 46
    4. Procedures Involved in Neuronal Interfaces 47
    5. Output Neuronal Interface Systems: Reading the Brain and Mind 49
    6. Input Neuronal Interface Systems: Changing the Brain and Mind 57
    7. Feedback Systems of the Brain and Mind 67
    8. Ethical Issues Relating to the Technology of Neuronal Interfaces 84
  5. Chapter 5. Cyberneuroethics 99
    1. General Ethical Considerations Relating to Neuronal Interfaces 101
    2. Online Humans 106
    3. Changing Cognition 113
    4. Changing Consciousness 131
    5. Escaping Reality 135
    6. Changing Mood 140
    7. Changing Personality 142
    8. Changing Identity 144
    9. The Concept of Humanity 154
    10. Uploading a Mind 167
    11. Issues of Privacy 184
  6. Chapter 6. Neuronal Interfaces and Policy 217
    1. New Cybercrimes 218
    2. Policy Concerns 223
    3. Conclusion 229
    4. Human Autonomy 232
    5. Resistance to Such a Development 234
    6. Risks of Neuronal Interfaces 234
    7. Appendix. Scottish Council on Human Bioethics Recommendations on
    8. Cyberneuroethics 239
    9. Glossary 244
    10. Index 251
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