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Cyborg Mind - What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
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Conclusion • 231 Orwell (1903–1950), entitled Nineteen Eighty-Four, which described a soci- ety that completely controls all its members in their everyday lives. When this latter book was published, Huxley sent a letter to Orwell indicating that he believed that the Nineteen Eighty–Four dystopia ‘is destined to modulate into the nightmare of a world having more resemblance to that which I imag- ined in Brave New World. The change will be brought about as a result of a felt need for increased efficiency’.7 However, in 2015, Roger Strand and Matthias Kaiser from the University of Bergen in Norway came to a different conclusion indicating that: Whereas Orwell’s 1984 mainly thematise[s] violent oppression, Brave New World creates the scenario of a world in which violent oppression no longer is needed because human desires for rights and freedoms have changed. Identity, dignity and integrity as we know it, have ceased to exist. We believe that the type of scenario presented by Brave New World is neither unthinkable nor necessarily unlikely anymore.8 This may mean that society should begin to earnestly examine, reflect and discuss the ethical dilemmas and possible social consequences arising, in the near future, from developments in neurotechnologies. Indeed, what was unthinkable by society at some stage in history often becomes reality more quickly than envisaged. As Braude explains: The temptation to improve society through improving mental capacity, or even shore up political power through neural interventions, is an issue that might seem futuristic but that requires close ethical foresight. The traditional bioethics principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice are not penetrating enough to deal with these issues that may transform the neurobiological foun- dations of human liberty, instead they require sustained reflection in terms of biopolitics.9 With new developments in direct neuronal interface systems, it may indeed be possible in the future to control behaviour and thoughts by manipulat- ing the brain under the initial pretext of enhancing the cognitive faculties of human beings. It may also be feasible for the mind of an individual to develop in cyberspace, raising questions about the identity, dignity and integ- rity of this person. As a result, there is certainly a need to consider any risks to freedoms that may arise from such new technologies. This is all the more complex because, as O’Brolchain and Gordijn explain, it may be possible for neuronal interfaces to be used for dual use, meaning that: ‘Whilst they will offer many therapeutic and social benefits, they will also provide those with malevolent aims with greater control and knowledge, and thus with greater capabilities to cause harm.’10 This open access edition has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale.
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Cyborg Mind What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Titel
Cyborg Mind
Untertitel
What Brain–Computer and Mind–Cyberspace Interfaces Mean for Cyberneuroethics
Autor
Calum MacKellar
Verlag
Berghahn Books
Datum
2019
Sprache
englisch
Lizenz
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
ISBN
978-1-78920-015-7
Abmessungen
15.2 x 22.9 cm
Seiten
264
Schlagwörter
Singularity, Transhumanism, Body modification, Bioethics
Kategorie
Technik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  1. Chapter 1. Why Use the Term ‘Cyberneuroethics’? 9
    1. The ‘Cyber’ Prefix 9
    2. The ‘Neuro’ Prefix 15
    3. Ethics 16
    4. Neuroethics 17
    5. Cyberneuroethics 18
    6. The Terminology Being Used 19
  2. Chapter 2. Popular Understanding of Neuronal Interfaces 25
    1. Public Understanding in the Media 27
  3. Chapter 3. Presentation of the Brain–Mind Interface 31
    1. The Central Nervous System 31
    2. The Mind 37
    3. The Brain–Mind Interface 38
  4. Chapter 4. Neuronal Interface Systems 43
    1. Developments in Information Technology 44
    2. Developments in Understanding the Brain 45
    3. Developments in Neuronal Interfaces 46
    4. Procedures Involved in Neuronal Interfaces 47
    5. Output Neuronal Interface Systems: Reading the Brain and Mind 49
    6. Input Neuronal Interface Systems: Changing the Brain and Mind 57
    7. Feedback Systems of the Brain and Mind 67
    8. Ethical Issues Relating to the Technology of Neuronal Interfaces 84
  5. Chapter 5. Cyberneuroethics 99
    1. General Ethical Considerations Relating to Neuronal Interfaces 101
    2. Online Humans 106
    3. Changing Cognition 113
    4. Changing Consciousness 131
    5. Escaping Reality 135
    6. Changing Mood 140
    7. Changing Personality 142
    8. Changing Identity 144
    9. The Concept of Humanity 154
    10. Uploading a Mind 167
    11. Issues of Privacy 184
  6. Chapter 6. Neuronal Interfaces and Policy 217
    1. New Cybercrimes 218
    2. Policy Concerns 223
    3. Conclusion 229
    4. Human Autonomy 232
    5. Resistance to Such a Development 234
    6. Risks of Neuronal Interfaces 234
    7. Appendix. Scottish Council on Human Bioethics Recommendations on
    8. Cyberneuroethics 239
    9. Glossary 244
    10. Index 251
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