Page - 310 - in Wien als Festungsstadt im 16.Jahrhundert - Zum kartografischen Werk der Mailänder Familie Angielini

310 | Ferdinand Opll – Heike Krause – Christoph Sonnlechner two of which show part of the suburbs to the east of the fortified town (today : Wien 3, Landstraße), and one of those some of the area on the other side of the Viennese arm of the Danube, the so-called »Unterer Werd« (today : Wien 2, Leopoldstadt) are particularly significant. The examination of the maps and the analysis of the plentiful archival material allows the tracing of Vienna’s transformation into a fortress city in a way that was not possible until now, and this indeed led to the choice of the book’s title. The largest construction project in the history of Vienna is analysed comprehensively drawing upon all available sources and thus the pioneering role played in Europe by the system of bastions built in Vienna also becomes clear. The most efficient fortifica- tion techniques available in the whole of Europe were implemented in Vienna. Italian fortification experts were deliberately sought out and, despite the employment of local specialists, they took the leading role. By the time Emperor Ferdinand I died in 1564, most of the fortification works were finished. Static problems, local geographic factors and bad weather conditions delayed the completion of the works. The construction of the fortress is closely related to very early maps of Vienna such as the town plans by Augustin Hirschvogel and Bonifaz Wolmuet, which are both from 1547 and which are well-known and often discussed. This is not the case with the Angielini maps. They were only mentioned in passing, with the version of the map kept in Vienna being used occasionally. And yet the three maps offer street plans of the area within the fortifications as well as depictions of the fortifications themselves and of a large number of individual prominent buildings  – in the Karlsruhe and Dresden versions even in the suburban area. With their mixture of ground plan and elevation, the maps not only follow a tradition, but are also models for later maps such as the recently publicised map of Vienna from the estate of Job Hartmann von Enenkel from the early 1620s. The detailed analysis of the three Vienna city plans is a central part of this book. Hints at the date of the maps can be gained from the buildings portrayed : the Viennese one shows the Unteres Zeughaus (Lower Armoury), the construction of which began in 1558 and which was differentiated from the Oberes Zeughaus (Upper Armoury) from 1572 onwards, and also the so-called Röhrenbrunnen at the Hoher Markt, a fountain finished in 1564/65 ; the Karlsruhe exemplar shows the long thin building dated to approximately 1560 on the square known as Brandstatt. All three maps depict the fortifications around Vienna as of c. 1565 and the fortified bank of the Danube af- ter the floods of 1565/66. The maps can thus be dated after 1565/66. When we assume that one or more of the Angielinis is the creator of the maps, and that is very likely, then the maps date to around 1570 or in the early 1570s. One or more lost plans may have served as a model for the three versions known today. Numerous differences in the fortifications as shown were found between the three maps. It is difficult to know Open Access © 2017 by BÖHLAU VERLAG GMBH & CO.KG, WIEN KÖLN WEIMAR